Associate Lecturer/Teaching Assistant, Center for Journalism and Media Studies with UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

Type of work: Full time

Department: Center for Journalism and Media Studies (31000)

Categories: Academic staff

Assistant Lecturer or Teaching Assistant at the Center for Journalism and Media Studies (Ref: 515938) (starting September 1, 2022, or as soon as possible thereafter for one year, with possibility of renewal subject to satisfactory performance and availability of funds)

Candidates must have a bachelor’s degree with at least six years of proven work experience as a journalist, editor and/or producer in the newsroom. A good command of written and spoken English is essential. Knowledge of other Asian languages ​​and teaching experience would be an advantage. They should also have a solid understanding of the Hong Kong news and social media landscape and a good grasp of digital verification tools.

The appointee will assist the faculty in overseeing the Annie Lab fact-checking project (https://annielab.org) and teaching relevant courses at the undergraduate and postgraduate level. He/she is expected to contribute to research projects, publications and events as needed.

A highly competitive salary commensurate with qualifications and experience will be offered, in addition to annual leave and medical benefits.

The University is only accepting online applications for the above position. Applicants should apply online and upload an up-to-date CV, including contact details of three referees in the online application form, and two examples of published work (articles, video reports, etc.). Review of applications will begin as soon as possible and will continue until August 15, 2022or until the position is filled, whichever comes first.

The Chinese Media Studies Project (CMSP) MEMRI – As U.S.-China Tensions Rise, Read the Latest Chinese Media Translations, Reports, Analysis, and Videos – Subscribe Free

August 5, 2022 – As tensions between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan escalate following the visit of United States House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan, the Chinese Media Studies Project (CMSP ) from the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) publishes translations, reports, analysis and videos covering the current situation in the region, from within and without. Just last week, China halted cooperation with the United States on climate and military issues after sending missiles over Taiwan in retaliation for the visit; Earlier, he announced sanctions against Pelosi and his direct family members and called the visit “vicious and provocative actions.”

Long before Speaker Pelosi’s visit, CMSP publications focused on the wave of warnings and threats from Chinese officials and experts about it. Since then, the project has released official videos showing China’s military capabilities, statements reiterating that the Chinese military ‘remains fully prepared for any crisis’, and reactions to the visit from the Middle East and Russia. and speculation about its possible ramifications.

MEMRI CMSP monitors, translates, and analyzes primary source content from Chinese print and online media, videos from Chinese television stations, textbooks, and official government documents and transcripts. He also translates speeches by a wide range of Chinese government and military officials, as well as statements by journalists from Chinese-language media, including social media. In doing so, it offers a broader and more nuanced understanding of China, its people, its Chinese Communist Party-led government, its ideology, and its regional and international aspirations.

A new effort by MEMRI CMSP is its Chinese Schoolbooks Initiative – an ongoing review of the Chinese government’s education system. The initiative studies official PRC textbooks for primary and secondary school children, including translated excerpts and commentaries from these deeply ideological texts used by the PRC to mold young minds.

The CMSP is the only project carrying out this research. Nobody else does what we do.

Heino Klinck, former U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for East Asia and former U.S. military attaché to China, who is also a member of the MEMRI advisory board and a regular contributor to the CMSP, said: “I frequently referenced the products of the CMSP while I was in power, as MEMRI’s work uniquely captured the narrative woven by the People’s Republic of China for its own domestic audience. MEMRI’s translations leave no doubt about the Chinese Communist Party’s intention to dominate the region and beyond.

For nearly 25 years, MEMRI has bridged the language gap between the Arab and Muslim world and the West by providing continuous and timely translations in English and other Western languages ​​to Western audiences, emphasizing the reality of Middle Eastern, from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Urdu and Pashto. Over six years ago we added Russian, and in 2020 we added Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese).

MEMRI OFFERS FREE CMSP EMAIL UPDATES

Readers can subscribe free of charge to receive daily or weekly emails about CMSP research. Subscribe to receive free updates from the MEMRI CMSP here.

TOPICS COVERED BY CMSP

  • Taiwan

  • Military and security developments

  • Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Statements and Policies

  • Anti-American statements

  • Regional and international relations

  • Reactions to world events

  • Human rights violations

Below are some recent reports and videos from the CMSP. You can see all the latest reports and analysis on the CMSP website and all clips on the CMSP page of the MEMRI TV website.

VISIT OF NANCY PELOSI, SPOKESPERSON FOR TAIWAN AND THE UNITED STATES

China increases military and ‘law enforcement’ activity in Taiwan Strait as ‘serious warning’ to Taiwan separatists, ‘stern deterrence’ against US escalation, August 3, 2022

Chinese FM spokesperson Hua Chunying on Pelosi’s visit to Taiwan: The US is approaching our red line, any Chinese countermeasures would be legitimate, August 2, 2022

Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Spokesperson Global Times: “Tension Rises Hours Ahead of Pelosi’s Potential Taiwan Visit as PLA Remains Fully Prepared for Any Crisis,” August 2, 2022

Chinese military video released by Iran ahead of US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s Asia trip showcases infantry, navy, air and missile capabilities, August 1, 2022

Chinese experts: ‘People’s Liberation Army Rocket Force could conduct drills with new missiles targeting all possible US aircraft carriers… Involved in Pelosi’s visit [To Taiwan]’, July 28, 2022

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 10096, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Mouthpiece Commentator Hu Xijin: “People’s Liberation Army Warplane May ‘Accompany’ Pelosi’s Plane If She Surrenders in Taiwan”, July 26, 2022

#9707 Chinese Foreign Ministry officials during Pelosi’s planned visit to Taiwan: visit will undermine our sovereignty and deal a blow to US-China relations; If U.S. insists, China will take “resolute” action to protect its national security, July 19, 2022

MEMRI TV Clip No. 9697, Chinese Taiwan Affairs Office Spokesperson Ma Xiaoguang: We will crush all DPP efforts to achieve Taiwanese independence, July 15, 2022

MEMRI Special Dispatch #10042, Chinese Media Chbcnet.com: “The United States Cannot Save Taiwan…Once Mainland China Is Forced to Resort to Non-Peaceful Means to Reunite Taiwan,” June 27, 2022

MILITARY AND SECURITY DEVELOPMENTS

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 1009, China Military Online: “NATO has proven to be nothing but an aggression bloc”; “NATO has initiated intensive interactions with Asia-Pacific countries… with the intention of endangering world peace”, June 9, 2022

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 10007, , Taiwan’s ‘Global Defense Magazine’: ‘If Taiwan loses maritime and air superiority in initial battle’ with China, Ukrainian ‘urban warfare scenario’ may be repeated in Taiwan, June 9 2022

MEMRI TV Clip No. 9646, China Unveils Fujian, its third aircraft carrier launched in ten years, June 17, 2022

MEMRI TV Clip No. 9584, China unveils Zhu Hai Yun unmanned vessel for transporting and deploying drones, said to have military capabilities, May 20, 2022

MEMRI TV Clip No. 9571, Chinese PLA Navy Aircraft Carrier and Naval Aviation Forces Propaganda Film: We Are Sharpening The Sword, April 22, 2022

MIDDLE EAST AND RUSSIAN COMMENTARY ON CHINA

MEMRI Special Dispatch #10121, Russian Commentators Believe Pelosi’s Provocative Taiwan Visit Will Play Into Russian Hands, August 4, 2022

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 10114, Emirati ‘Al-Khalij’ Daily: The US Is Employer A Confrontational Policy Against China, which Could Lead To Global Catastrophe, August 2, 2022

MEMRI TV Clip No. 9727, Syrian Presidential Advisor Bouthaina Shaaban on Chinese TV: China wants to eradicate poverty, has a collaborative human mentality; The West is unilateral and racist, Land of Ruins, July 8, 2022

CHINO-USA RELATIONS

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 10094, Chinese Think Tank Research Report: “We should have no illusions about the full and intensified ideological game between China and the United States, and must make full preparation” , July 25, 2022

Special Dispatch No. 10048, CCP Mouthpiece “Global Times”: “Small Circles” of US and West “Constantly Seek and Create Enemies” – While BRICS Encourage “Genuine Multilateralism,” June 29 2022

ABOUT MEMRI

Exploring the Middle East and South Asia through their media, MEMRI bridges the language gap between the West and the Middle East and South Asia, providing timely translations of Arabic, Farsi, Urdu-Pashto media , Dari, Turkish, Russian and Chinese, as well as an original analysis of political, ideological, intellectual, social, cultural and religious trends.

Founded in February 1998 to inform the debate on US policy in the Middle East, MEMRI is an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit 501(c)3 organization. MEMRI’s main office is located in Washington, DC, with branch offices in various world capitals. MEMRI research is translated into English, French, Polish, Japanese, Spanish and Hebrew.

MEMRI – Middle East Media Research Institute: www.memri.org
MEMRI TV – www.memri.org/tv
Jihad & Terrorism Threat Monitor (JTTM) – www.memri.org/jttm
Cyber ​​& Jihad Lab (CJL) – www.memri.org/cjlab
MEMRI Twitter: https://twitter.com/memrireports/
MEMRI YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC59Cpk70K2TwdmApJOTuW9g/videos
MEMRI Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/memrireports/

CONTACT INFORMATION:
MEMRI
[email protected]
202-955-9070

The Chinese Media Studies Project (CMSP) MEMRI – As U.S.-China Tensions Rise, Read the Latest Chinese Media Translations, Reports, Analysis, and Videos

WASHINGTON DC/ACCESSWIRE/August 11, 2022/ As tensions between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan escalate following the visit of United States House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan, the Chinese Media Studies Project (CMSP) of the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) publishes translations, reports, analysis and videos covering the current situation in the region, from within and without. Just last week, China halted cooperation with the United States on climate and military issues after sending missiles over Taiwan in retaliation for the visit; Earlier, he announced sanctions against Pelosi and his direct family members and called the visit “vicious and provocative actions.”

Long before Speaker Pelosi’s visit, CMSP publications focused on the wave of warnings and threats from Chinese officials and experts about it. Since then, the project has released official videos showing China’s military capabilities, statements reiterating that the Chinese military ‘remains fully prepared for any crisis’, and reactions to the visit from the Middle East and Russia. and speculation about its possible ramifications.

MEMRI CMSP monitors, translates, and analyzes primary source content from Chinese print and online media, videos from Chinese television stations, textbooks, and official government documents and transcripts. He also translates speeches by a wide range of Chinese government and military officials, as well as statements by journalists from Chinese-language media, including social media. In doing so, it offers a broader and more nuanced understanding of China, its people, its Chinese Communist Party-led government, its ideology, and its regional and international aspirations.

A new effort by MEMRI CMSP is its Chinese Textbook Initiative – an ongoing review of the Chinese government’s education system. The initiative studies the official PRC textbooks for children in elementary through high school, including translated excerpts and commentary from those deeply ideological texts used by the PRC to mold young minds.

The CMSP is the only project carrying out this research. Heino Klinck, former US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for East Asia and former US military attaché to China, who is also a member of the MEMRI Advisory Board and a regular contributor to the CMSP, said: “I frequently referenced the products of the CMSP while I was in power, as MEMRI’s work uniquely captured the narrative woven by the People’s Republic of China for its own domestic audience. MEMRI’s translations leave no doubt about the Chinese Communist Party’s intention to dominate the region and beyond.

For nearly 25 years, MEMRI has bridged the language gap between the Arab and Muslim world and the West by providing continuous and timely translations in English and other Western languages ​​to Western audiences, emphasizing the reality of Middle Eastern, from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Urdu and Pashto. Over six years ago we added Russian, and in 2020 we added Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese).

Readers can receive daily or weekly emails from CMSP Research by subscribing to this link.

Topics covered by the CMSP

  • Taiwan
  • Military and security developments
  • Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Statements and Policies
  • Anti-American statements
  • Regional and international relations
  • Reactions to world events
  • Human rights violations

Below are some recent reports and videos from the CMSP. You can check out all the latest reports and analysis on CMSP website and all clips from the CMSP page on the MEMRI TV website.

Visit of the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Taiwan and the United States, Nancy Pelosi

Chinese experts: ‘People’s Liberation Army Rocket Force could conduct drills with new missiles targeting all possible US aircraft carriers… Involved in Pelosi’s visit [To Taiwan]‘, July 28, 2022

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 10096, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Mouthpiece Commentator Hu Xijin: ‘People’s Liberation Army warplane may ‘accompany’ Pelosi’s plane if it goes to Taiwan’July 26, 2022

#9707 Chinese Foreign Ministry officials during Pelosi’s planned visit to Taiwan: the visit will undermine our sovereignty and deal a blow to US-China relations; If US insists, China will take ‘resolute’ action to protect its national securityJuly 19, 2022

MEMRI TV Clip No. 9697, Chinese Taiwan Affairs Office Spokesperson Ma Xiaoguang: We Will Crush All DPP Efforts to Achieve Taiwan IndependenceJuly 15, 2022

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 10042, Chbcnet.com, Chinese media: “The United States cannot save Taiwan…Once Mainland China is forced to resort to non-peaceful means to reunify Taiwan”June 27, 2022

Military and security developments

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 1009, China Military Online: ‘NATO has turned out to be nothing but an aggression bloc’; “NATO has initiated intensive interactions with Asia-Pacific countries… with the intention of endangering world peace”June 9, 2022

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 10007, , Taiwan’s “Global Defense Magazine”: “If Taiwan loses its maritime and air superiority in the initial battle” with China, the Ukrainian “urban warfare scenario” could be repeated in TaiwanJune 9, 2022

MEMRI TV Clip No. 9646, China unveils Fujian, its third aircraft carrier launched in ten years, June 17, 2022

MEMRI TV Clip No. 9584, China unveils Zhu Hai Yun unmanned vessel for transporting and deploying drones, which is said to have military capabilitiesMay 20, 2022

MEMRI TV Clip No. 9571, Propaganda Film on Chinese PLA Navy Aircraft Carrier and Naval Aviation Forces: We Sharpen the SwordApril 22, 2022

Middle Eastern and Russian Commentary on China

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 10121, Russian commentators convinced Pelosi’s provocative visit to Taiwan will play into Russia’s handsAugust 4, 2022

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 10114, Emirati ‘Al-Khalij’ Daily: US employs confrontational policy against China, which could lead to global catastropheAugust 2, 2022

MEMRI TV Clip No. 9727, Syrian Presidential Advisor Bouthaina Shaaban on Chinese TV: China wants to eradicate poverty, has a human mentality of collaboration; The West is unilateral and racist, ruins countriesJuly 8, 2022

China-US relations

MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 10094, Chinese think tank research report: “We should have no illusions about the global and intensified ideological game between China and the United States, and we should make comprehensive preparations”July 25, 2022

Special Dispatch No. 10048, CCP spokesman ‘Global Times’: ‘small circles’ of US and West ‘constantly seek and create enemies’ – while BRICS promote ‘true multilateralism’June 29, 2022

ABOUT MEMRI

Explore the Middle East and South Asia through their media, MEMRI bridges the language gap between the West and the Middle East and South Asia, providing timely translations from Arabic, Farsi, Urdu-Pashto, Dari, Turkish, Russian and Chinese media, as well as original analysis of political, ideological, intellectual, social media, cultural and religious trends.

Founded in February 1998 to inform the debate on American policy in the Middle East, MEMRI is an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit, 501(c)3 organization. MEMRI’s main office is located in Washington, DC, with branch offices in various world capitals. MEMRI research is translated into English, French, Polish, Japanese, Spanish and Hebrew.

MEMRI – Middle East Media Research Institute: www.memri.org
MEMRI TV – www.memri.org/tv
Jihad & Terrorism Threat Monitor (JTTM) – www.memri.org/jttm
Cyber ​​& Jihad Lab (CJL) – www.memri.org/cjlab
MEMRI Twitter: https://twitter.com/memrireports/
MEMRI YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC59Cpk70K2TwdmApJOTuW9g/videos
MEMRI Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/memrireports/

Contact information:

MEMRI
[email protected]
202-955-9070

THE SOURCE: Middle East Media Research Institute

First-of-its-kind Media Studies Lab Launches at USC to Amplify Black Social Changemakers on the West Coast

Photo by Alan Mittelstaedt

Amid growing calls to restrict curricula that engage critical race theory in American classrooms, journalism educator and award-winning scholar Allissa V. Richardson founded the Charlotta Bass Journalism and Justice Lab at the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism to preserve black media and amplify black media creators, activists, and social changemakers.

As the University of Southern California’s premier center for media studies dedicated to safeguarding, studying, and sharing the work of prominent and hidden figures who have played pivotal roles in social justice movements black people in America, the Bass Lab will create a web archive that will serve as a repository for black media and activist journalism. The archive will include digitized newspapers, magazines, photojournalism, and digitized 3D objects that tell the story of Black life and culture on the West Coast. Original content in the form of recorded interviews and oral histories will also be featured.

“The BassLabThe pioneering mission of combines traditional journalism with innovative media-making technologies to capture and preserve the many voices of racial and social justice movements,” USC Annenberg Dean Willow Bay said. “It will undoubtedly become a primary destination for black media makers, scholars and journalists.”

Richardson, the best-selling author of Testifying while being black: African Americans, smartphones and the new social justice #Journalismwill be the first director of the laboratory.

“When most people think of civil rights, they don’t tend to think of Washington, Oregon and California as hotspots for black activism – but the black press tells us a different story” , said Richardson, associate professor of journalism and communication. “For the first time in history, we are building a clearinghouse that will bring together black social justice journalism – in all its formats – while raising the voices of the people who have done it.”

The Bass Fellowship, which aims to increase the pool of talented industry journalists who are willing to report on issues of race and social justice, will be the lab’s first academic initiative. Select USC students will be trained to produce original audio, video, and photographic content and hone their skills in newsgathering, photogrammetry, drone photography, and podcasting. This content will be collected and curated for the Lab’s website, its future mobile application and the The Voices of a Movement “Virtual Humans” exhibit, which will be featured on the USC University Park campus during Black History Month in February 2023.

The concept of virtual humans was pioneered by the USC Holocaust Foundation through his Dimensions in testimony exposure. Dimensions allows visitors to “talk” with Holocaust survivors through advanced recording and display technology. When people ask a virtual human a question on screen, the software retrieves the appropriate video clip from a previously filmed interview as an answer.

“Over the past two years, black America has lost so many of its history makers – civil rights leaders, such as Rep. John Lewis and CT Vivian, and socially conscious actors, like Nichelle Nichols and Cicely Tyson “, said Richardson. “There has never been a more imperative time to capture the voices of black icons who are always with us. When we honor them, we help future generations connect the dots between social movements.

The Bass Lab was named in honor of Charlotta Spears Bass, the first black woman to be named vice president of a major American political party. Bass was also the first black woman to own and operate a newspaper on the West Coast. The California Eagle debuted in 1912 and is credited with sparking a mass migration of black Americans from the South and Midwest who sought promise and opportunity in California.

“Charlotte Bass’s pioneering leadership and tireless advocacy for black people helped establish the culture and makeup of the West Coast we know today. Our goal for the lab is to shine a light on the stories of those who carry on this legacy,” said Myah Genung, program manager for the lab.

Bass Lab’s efforts will also include collaborating with various media industry partners to develop academic and experiential programming that will reflect its mission.

USC Annenberg Launches Media Studies Lab to Preserve and Promote Black Social Changemakers

Image for article titled USC Annenberg Launches Media Studies Lab to Preserve and Promote Black Social Changemakers

Photo: Kit Leong (Shutterstock)

While the war around critical race theory raging in classrooms and boardrooms across the country, award-winning journalist and scholar Allissa V. Richardson has her own prime tools for fighting for the truth. At USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalismthe instructor recently founded the Charlotta Bass Journalism & Justice Lab, an initiative to preserve and defend black media creators, community workers and social justice activists.

The lab will be the first of its kind at USC as the premier center for media studies dedicated to archiving, exploring, and sharing the work of individuals and collectives who have played both important and minor roles in the social justice movements in America. This will include web archives or articles and other resources, digitized newspapers, magazines, newspapers, photo projects, as well as digitized 3D objects that help tell the story of West Coast Black culture.

“Bass Lab’s pioneering mission connects traditional journalism with innovative media creation technologies to capture and preserve the many voices of racial and social justice movements,” said USC Annenberg Dean Willow Bay. “It will undoubtedly become a primary destination for black media makers, scholars and journalists.”

Allissa Richardson, bestselling author of Testifying while being black: African Americans, smartphones and the new social justice #Journalismwill also be the first director of the laboratory.

“When most people think of civil rights, they don’t tend to think of Washington, Oregon and California as hotspots for black activism – but the black press tells us a different story” , said Richardson, associate professor of journalism and communication. “For the first time in history, we are building a clearinghouse that will bring together black social justice journalism – in all its formats – while raising the voices of the people who have done it.”

The lab’s first academic initiative will be the Bass Fellowship, designed to create a pipeline of talented student journalists interested in reporting on social and racial justice to enter the field directly.

“Over the past two years, black America has lost so many of its history makers – civil rights leaders, such as Rep. John Lewis and CT Vivian, and socially conscious actors, like Nichelle Nichols and Cicely Tyson “, said Richardson. “There has never been a more imperative time to capture the voices of black icons who are always with us. When we honor them, we help future generations connect the dots between social movements.

The Bass Lab takes its honorable name from Charlotta Bass, the first black woman to be named vice president of a major political party in the United States. She was also the first black woman to own and operate a newspaper on the West Coast.

“Charlotte Bass’s pioneering leadership and tireless advocacy for black people helped establish the culture and makeup of the West Coast we know today. Our goal for the lab is to shine a light on the stories of those who carry on this legacy,” said Myah Genung, program manager for the lab.

The Bass Lab also plans to engage with various media partners to curate relevant academic and experiential programming that reflects its mission.

Ku Klux Climate: Coal, Petro-Palingenesia, and the Historical Materialism of Fossil Fascism

Image by Zbynek Burival.

We live in a dangerous time where an extreme right, more powerful than ever since 1945, is doing everything it can to accelerate the capitalist project to transform our planet into a giant greenhouse gas chamber. The last president of the United States, the “instinctive fascist” Donald Trump, believed that anthropogenic (really capital-causing) global warming was a hoax and did everything he could to end the limits on fossil fuel production. Brazil’s current president, demented pandemo-fascist Jar Bosonaro, has sadistically opened up the Amazon – the lungs of the planet – to enrich agribusiness profiteers. Far-right climate denier parties have invaded key energy and climate-related offices in Europe, from Sweden and Norway to Spain, Poland and Hungary. As the world tilts toward climate catastrophe, anti-immigrant parties that promote the uncontrolled extraction and burning of fossil fuels are springing up in the name of white supremacy and national regeneration. Even as the climate crisis begins to unravel civilization before our eyes, right-wing forces have surged in absurd and dangerous ways claiming to possess the so-called real solutions to the supposed real problems: closing European and American borders to ” saving the nation or nations’ from non-white immigrants and the elimination of indigenous tribes from rural Brazil.

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What is historical materialism? | To defend oneself!

Now that we have talked about the Marxist theory of knowledge and examined the meaning and function of dialectical materialism, let’s look at how it applies to the study of the historical development of society. Marx called this “the materialist conception of history,” or historical materialism. It is historical materialism that demonstrates the link between dialectical materialism and political economy. It is dialectical materialism applied to history.

Before we get into all the details of historical materialism, let’s take an introductory look at some of the key concepts. This way we can understand how they fit together. After that, we can take a closer look at them, piece by piece.

In the communist manifesto, Marx and Engels proclaimed that “the history of any hitherto existing society is the history of the class struggle”. This is the main point of historical materialism, but there is a lot to unpack in this statement, and we should spend some time understanding how Marx and Engels came to this conclusion and what it means for revolutionaries.

Engels summed it up like this:

“As Darwin discovered the law of the development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of the development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by ideological overgrowth, that mankind must above all eat , drink, lodge and dress. , before they can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc. ; that therefore the production of immediate material means, and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or at a given epoch, form the foundation on which rest the institutions of the State, legal conceptions, art and even the ideas about religion of the people concerned have evolved, and in the light of which they must therefore be explained, instead of the other way around, as has been the case hitherto.

As we have already said, Marxism is monistic rather than dualistic, which means that it does not separate matter and thought, but recognizes that thought arises from matter and depends on it. Our material being determines our consciousness. Before thinking, you have to eat. Fundamentally, Marxism understands that human society has always organized itself around its tools in the production of its material needs. Each historical period is materially characterized by its forces of production and its relations of production. Together they constitute the material and economic basis of society, the mode of production.

The forces of production include all that we use to satisfy human needs. This includes everything from tools to factories, land, raw materials, logistics infrastructure, warehouses, offices, retail outlets, restaurants, etc. Tools and factories constitute the instruments of production. Raw materials and resources constitute the objects of production. The means of production are made up of both instruments and objects of production. The forces of production also include the living labor of workers, agents of production. In early human society, these productive forces were limited mostly to items such as stone arrowheads and spearheads for hunting. They now include very complex technologies and methods.

Relations of production are the defined social relations that people enter into to organize the production of their needs. Production is a social process, based on a certain degree of division of labor and, after the end of primitive communal societies and the rise of old slave societies, division of property or class division. In class society, the means of production and the agents of production are separated, so that a minority of people own the means of production while a much larger majority of people work as agents of production.

For the moment let us simply point out that in the contradiction between the forces and the relations of production, the forces of production tend to be the principal or determining aspect. It is the forces of production, that is, the instruments of production with living labor, acting on nature, which play the main role. However, sometimes the relations of production can be the main aspect, hastening or slowing down the development of the productive forces.

To this economic and material basis of society also corresponds a superstructure of society, made up of a set of repressive and ideological apparatuses whose function is the reproduction of the mode of production. This includes legal systems, courts and the police, but also cultural institutions, schools, the media, religion and the major political and philosophical ideas that characterize society. For now, let us simply point out that in the contradiction between base and superstructure, the base is typically the main aspect. The superstructure arises from the material base, although the superstructure also acts on the base and strengthens it.

Each historical mode of production is defined by the level of development of its productive forces and the corresponding relations of production. As the productive forces develop to higher levels, the relations of production which initially encouraged and accelerated their development begin to restrain them, and these relations of production must be modified so that the productive forces can develop further.

Marx summarizes this very succinctly in his preface to A contribution to the critique of political economy:

“At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or – it simply expresses the same thing in legal terms – with the property relations within the framework of which they have functioned until now. here. From forms of development of the productive forces, these relations become their irons. Thus begins an era of social revolution. Changes in the economic base sooner or later lead to the transformation of the entire huge superstructure.

As the productive forces of society developed, the relations of production developed from primitive communitarianism to old slave societies, then to feudalism, then to capitalism, and from capitalism to socialism. These are the relations of production that Marx and Engels identified from their analysis of how they had developed in Europe and how they would continue to develop based on their laws of motion that they derived from that analysis . Each passage from one mode of production to another signified the progress of the productive forces and the revolution of the relations of production. These changes also created great changes in the legal, political and ideological superstructure to strengthen the base, requiring changes in legal structures, education, family relationships, etc.

Historical materialism exposes the big lie of bourgeois ideology, that capitalism is eternal. It shows us that, on the contrary, it has not always been so, that things have come to be so as a result of a historical process, and that we can and must change things fundamentally and for the better. . Historical materialism is a big subject, and it will take time to do it justice. This article can only serve as a brief introduction to the elements of historical materialism. In our next articles, we will go deeper into each of them.